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Mandated choice
Mandated choice or mandatory choice is an approach to public policy questions in which people are required by law to state in advance whether or not they are willing to engage in a particular action. The approach contrasts with "opt-in" and "opt-out" ("presumed consent") models of policy formation.〔(Remedying donor organ complications )〕 The approach has most frequently been applied to cadaveric organ donation,〔Herz, Susan. Two Steps to Three Choices: A New Approach to Mandated Choice, ''Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics'' (1999), 8 : 340-347 Cambridge University Press〕 but has increasingly been considered for advance directives as well.〔Appel, Jacob M. (The Ultimate Prescription: Make Us Decide How We Want To Die ), July 30, 2009.〕 As one bioethicist has observed in advocating for a mandatory choice model for living wills, "while all Americans should have a right to decide how they want their lives to end, it does not follow that they should be able to avoid confronting such a choice."〔
==History==
One of the first considerations of mandated choice appeared in Great Britain's Gore Report, a 1989-1990 study funded by the British Department of Health. From 2011 all those applying for or renewing driving licences online in the UK are required to state whether they wished to donate their organs.〔Organ donated 'nudge' for drivers in new DVLA process, BBC, July 31, 2011 (accessed July 31, 2011 ).〕
The American Medical Association endorsed a mandated choice model for organ donation in 1994.〔Taking organs without asking, Chicago Tribune, July 18, 2005.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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